DURIAN - TEKNOLOGI PENUAIAN HASIL

DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) merupakan sejenis buah-buahan tropika yang popular di tanam sebagai 'Raja Segala Buah' dikawasan Asia Tenggara dan beberapa negara lain. Buah durian adalah mudah rosak (perishable fruits) berbanding dengan beberapa jenis buah tropika yang lain. Teknologi memungut hasil dan pengendalian lepas tuai penting didalam pengeluaran buah durian yang bermusim ini.  Buah durian yang masak ranum akan gugur sendiri dan lazimnya hanya boleh dikatakan buah segar selama 1-2 hari sahaja dan selepas itu kualiti durian akan menurun dengan mendadak kalau tidak di buat rawatan penyimpanan. Aktiviti menentukan kematangan indek buah durian belum ramai petani tradisional di negara kita tahu dimana ianya boleh dijalankan bagi tujuan memetik buah durian di pokok seperti dibuat di Thailand. Buah durian hampir masak yang dipetik diatas pokok dan digredkan boleh diekspot kerana mempynyai jangkahayat kesegaran buah dijamin. Artikel tengahari ini saya menulis dalam "Anim Agro Technology" berkaitan teknologi penuaian hasil durian untuk dijadikan bahan bacaan dan rujukkan anda semua.

Indek Penuaian Buah Durian boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa tahap.  Lazimnya untuk memetik buah durian pada peringkat matang, terdapat beberapa panduan umum yang telah dibentuk sebagai indeks kematangan buah durian. Walau bagaimanapun tidak semua indeks ini sesuai untuk semua jenis durian. Indeks kematangan tersebut adalah seperti berikut:-

1.  Pengiraan hari mengikut kalendar
Kaedah ini melibatkan bilangan hari dari peringkat bunga kembang atau putik sehingga buah boleh dipetik. Untuk memudahkan penuaian, tarikh pokok durian berbunga dalam sesuatu musim perlu dipastikan. Biasanya tarikh bunga kembang dikira pada masa lebih kurang 70% bunga durian sudah kembang. Umumnya buah durian mencapai kematangan di antara 90 dan 150 hari selepas bunga kembang bergantung pada klon atau kultivar.

2.  Warna duri atau kulit
Bagi kebanyakan klon durian, warna hujung duri buah menjadi coklat tua apabila buah mencapai kematangan. Ini jelas kelihatan kerana bahagian tapak duri dan lurah di antara duri berwarna cerah.

3.  Ciri-ciri lurah pada buah
Lurah atau alur di antara tapak duri mengembang dan warna bertambah gelap apabila buah matang.

4.  Tangkai buah
Buah durian yang keluar dri dahan pokok mempunyai tangkai yang agak panjang. Pada tangkai ini terdapat bahagian absis iaitu bahagian yang akan memisahkan buah daripada pokok (menyebabkan buah luruh) apabila buah masak. Ketika buah masih belum matang, keseluruhan tangkai buah kelihatan sama besar. Apabila buah mencapai peringkat matang, bahagian absis kelihatan membengkak. Buah boleh dipetik apabila garisan absis sudah terbentuk sebahagian atau sepenuhnya. Garisan absis yang terbentuk sepenuhnya mengelilingi tangkai menandakan buah hampir luruh. Tanda sebegini jelas pada klon Chanee, Monthong dan juga D 24.

5.  Keanjalan hujung duri
Buah yang matang biasanya mempunyai hujung duri yang anjal atau liut. Manakala buah yang belum matang mempunyai hujung duri yang keras.

6.  Garis pangsa
Ruangan tempat isi atau ulas isi pada buah durian dipanggil pangsa. Buah durian biasanya mempunyai 5 pangsa. Garisan pangsa itu garisan yang memisahkan pangsa-pangsa ini akan jelas kelihatan pada kulit buah apabila buah sudah matang. Garisan pangsa kelihatan lebih jelas pada buah yang lebih matang.

7.  Bunyi apabila buah diketuk atau dikeruk
Buah yang matang berbunyi kosong apabila diketuk dengan kayu atau rotan atau dikeruk dengan jari, sedangkan buah yang belum matang berbunyi padat.

8.  Cairan tangkai buah
Apabila tangkai buah dituris, cairan akan mengalir keluar. Cairan yang keluar dari tangkai buah yang matang kelihatan jernih dan manis rasanya. Bagi buah yang belum matang, cairan berkeadaan pekat, boleh melekat pada jari apabila disentuh dan tidak berasa manis.

Bagi durian D 24 (Foto diatas), petunjuk kematangan yang paling sesuai ialah pembengkakan bahagian absis pada tangkai buah dan pembetukan garisan pangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya dengan melihat pada garisan pangsa sahaja sudah memadai untuk mengenali buah yang telah matang dan kaedah ini merupakan yang paling mudah. Garisan pangsa kelihatan semakin jelas apabila buah semakin matang. Selalunya garisan pangsa kelihatan timbul apabila buah hampir masak atau gugur. Semua tanda kematangan di atas, walau bagaimanapun, dipengaruhi oleh keadaan alam sekitar dan kultivar yang membolehkan kesilapan berlaku ketika menentukan kematangan buah durian. Keadaan yang panas dan kering boleh mempercepat kematangan buah durian kadang-kadang sehingga 10 hari.


Tempoh Kemasakan Buah Durian

Berapa ramai diantara kita yang mahir mengira dan mengenal teknik mengenal kematangan buah durian. Dalam beberapa rujukdan dan temubual dengan petani durian, Jadual dibawah boleh dirujuk untuk melihat ketepatan indeks kematangan durian.

Lazimnya buah durian yang telah matang, dipetik dengan memotong tangkai buah 3-4 cm ke atas dari zon absis. Tangkai buah biasanya dipotong dengan pisau tajam atau gunting. Buah yang telah dipetik tidak boleh diletakkan di atas permukaan tanah tanpa dialas bagi mengelakkan pencemaran kulat semasa penyimpanan. Seelok-eloknya buah tersebut terus diletakkan di dalam bakul atau bekas yang sesuai. Bagi pokok yang tinggi, buah boleh dipetik dengan menggunakan tangga atau memanjat pokok tersebut. Bagi mengelakkan buah terjatuh ke tanah, buah yang dipetik dimasukkan ke dalam bekas kecil seperti baldi dan kemudian diturunkan dengan tali. Seorang pekerja lain perlu berada di bawah pokok untuk menyambut buah tersebut dan dimasukkan ke dalam bakul mengumpul. Buah juga boleh diturunkan dengan tali sebiji demi sebiji dengan mengikatkan tali pada tangkainya.

BUAH DURIAN... KUAT BAUNYA...
BUAH DIPETIK... TANGGA DIGUNANYA...
GRADING BUAH... PILIH KUALITINYA...
HARGA BUAH .... IKUT VARIETINYA...

By, 
Taman Cendana
Jalan Istana, Bukit Beruang,
Bandar Melaka,
Melaka,
Malaysia
(21 Safar 1434H)

DURIAN - KELAWAR KECIL

KELAWAR KECIL (Macroglosus minimus) merupakan sejenis kelawar kecil berlidah panjang yang terdapat dinegara kita dimana ia merupakan haowan yang aktif diwaktu malam dan melakukan proses pendebungaan durian (Durio zibethinus). Haiwan ini telah pun dikenalpasti mampu membantu proses pendebungaan bunga durian pada malam hari. Mungkin ramai diantara petani dan pekebun kita dikampong sana yang tidak pernah melihat haiwan ini (Sila lihat foto diatas) kerana ianya cuma aktif dimalam hari dan sainya juga agak kecil. Kalau kita betul-betul hendak melihatnya boleh ditangkap dengan memasang jaring atau pukat dikawasan pokok durian yang sedang berbunga untuk dibuat kajian atau pemerhatian. Dalam bahasa Inggeris ia dikenali dengan nama lain sebagai Long Toungued Nectar Bat atau Nothern Blossom Bat atau Dagger Toothed Long nosed Fruit Bat dan Lesser Long Tongued Fruit Bat. Spesis ini merupakan spesis yang paling kecil dalam keluarga Pteropodidae dalam kumpulan Megabat. Ia lazimnya berukuran sekitar 60 - 85 cm dengan lazimnya berwarna coklat kemerahan atau sedikit gelap dibelakangnya tetapi agak cerah keputihan dibahagian perut. Populasi haiwan ini banyak dikawasan Asia Tenggara seperti di Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Filipina, Borneo dan sehingga ke Australia Utara. Artikel subuh ini saya menulis dalam "Anim Agro Technology" mengenai haiwan pendebunga beberapa jenis buah-buahan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan untuk dijadikan bahan bacaan anda.

Kelawar Kecil Berlidah Panjang ini hidup secara berkumpulan kecil atau individu dalam kawasan habitat semulajadi dalam hutan atau kawasan perkebunan. Ia makan nektar dan juga debunga menggunakan lidahnya yang panjang masuk kedalam bunga. Antara tumbuhan yang sering dikunjungi kelawai ini adalah seperti pokok pisang (Lihat foto ia menyedut nektar pada jantung pisang disebelah), pokok bakau (mangroves tree) dan banyak tanaman lain dalam keluarga Myrtaceae, Bamboceae, Bignociaceae, Leguminoceae, Musaceae dan Soneraticeae di negara kita. Ia memang banyak didapati dikawasan hutan bakau dimana mampu hidup sehingga ketinggian 1,000 meter dari aras laut. Haiwan jenis ini dilaporkan sebanyak 14% daripada keseluruhan populasi semua jenis kelawar dalam negara dan sangat signifikan dalam mendebungakan banyak jenis tanam termasuk bunga durian. Kelawar ini mempunyai jantina Kelawar jantas yang mempunyai Organ Testis dan Kelawar Betina yang mempunyai organ Polyestrus yang matang dalam masa 140 - 160 hari untuk mengawan. Tempoh mengandung selama 120 hari (10 hari perbezaan) dengan waktu menyusu selama 60-70 hari bagi anak kelawar dengan sebanyak 2-3 ekor anak sekali beranak. Unikinya haiwan ini mampu membiak sepanjang tahun tanpa henti bergantung kepada kecukupan makanan disekelilingnya. 

Bunga durian adalah nokturnal dan anthesis (berkembang) bermula pada waktu senja, mencapai kemuncak pada tengah malam dan berakhir pada waktu subuh. Debunga akan kehilangan upaya untuk bersenyawa menjelang keesokan harinya. Manakala stigma mencapai tahap puncak penerimaan debunga pada waktu malam sehinggalah awal pagi, kemudian menurun dengan mendadak ketika lewat pagi dan tengahari. Dalam keadaan semulajadi, durian didebungakan oleh agen pendebungaan nokturnal seperti Kelawar Kecil (Econycterus spalee dan Macroglossus minimus), Lebah Tualang (Apis dorsata) dan beberapa spesis semut. Sejurus selepas pendebungaan, seluruh struktur bunga akan gugur kecuali ovari dan filamen. Seterusnya ovari akan membesar manakala filamen menjadi kering dan buah akan terbentuk. Sebaliknya jika pendebungaan tidak berjaya, bunga akan gugur 7 hingga 10 hari selepas berkembang. Buah durian matang 90-130 hari selepas anthesis.

KELAWAR KECIL...IA PENDEBUNGA...

JARANG DILIHAT...KECIL SAIZNYA...

POKOK DURIAN...ADA PERANANNYA...

KENALI DIA... TERIMAKASIH PADANYA...

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist,

Taman Cendana, Jalan Istana,

Persimpangan Bukit Beruang,

Bandar Melaka,

Melaka, Malaysia.

(19 Safar 1435H)

DURIAN - TRUNK AND BRANCH DISEASE

DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) subject to various pests and diseases throughout the year. Attacked of pests and diseases on durian tree started from seedling stage to harvesting stage that cause serious damage if not properly controlled. Durian diseases divided to Seedling and root diseases,Trunk and branch diseases, Foliar diseases and Fruit diseases. Total area of durian plantation and small orchards reported about 82,420 hectare in which Johore has the largest durian area about 24,736 hectare followed by Kelantan (11,906 hectare), Sarawak (10,672 hectare) in 2013. Total production of fresh durian estimated about 297,700 metric tonnes annually. However, about 15,000 mt of durian are imported from Thailand annually for domestic market mostly during off-seasonThis article I would like to share my knowledge about the durian diseases based on various study in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and other growing durian countries. Few technical durian book from various researcher and extension bulletin are use as references in this article. This entry in "Anim Agro Technology" , I share my knowledge about durian trunk disease for references.


2)  TRUNK AND BRANCH DISEASES

2.1  DURIAN PATCH CANKER

Patch Canker of durian or known as Stem Canker together with root rot and dieback are serius disease of durian. The main cause of this disease are Phythopthora palmivora. The first sypmtom of this disease is the appearance of of wet lession on the trunk surface usually near the crotch region. Bark necrosis is accompanied by discoloration of the bark and exudation of  a reddish brown resinuos substances. The infection sometimes deep into the wood and when we knocked with hard object it sounds hollow. As the lesion expands, I always saw the tree exhibits the sign of stress with the foliage wilt and began to dry up followed by branch dieback. The entire tree may defoliate and die where the entire bark become riddled with pin-holed made by pin-bole boring beetle (Platipus capulatus). The root underground infected with necrosis and decayed. This disease are the mos serious disease of durian tree and must use a multi-pronged approach to control. The combination of various chemical, environmental and biological measure should apply.

2.1.1 Environmental Control. This disease are easily appear under moist conditions. Wider planting distance, removal of thick weed undergrowth, pruning of low branch are practical. This will improve the air circulation and humidity level. The young tree should trained to pruning minimum 2 meter from the ground. Adequate agronomic practices such as fertilising, irrigation and spraying of chemical especially during drought season are advisable. The long dry spell reported to hasten the death of the durian tree. Death tree should be uprooted, removed and burned. The vacant hole should be drenched with appropriate fungicide and treated with sulphur to get rid of unwanted antagonistic soil microflora.    

2.1.2  Chemical Control.  This method by scraped away the infected durian bark and painted with fungicide. Fungicide such as copper fungicide, captafol, fentin acetate, maneb, etridiazole and mancozeb are suitable. This will followed by other fungicide such as metalaxyl, fosetyl aluminium,  milfuram or cyprofuram.  Another chemical approach is by drenching to the soil periodically around the infected and adjacent tree. The painting infected trunk and soil drencing are the best combination technique to control patch canker. Injecting the infested tree at the trunk with metalayxl, fosetyl aluminium and phosphorus acid are reported to be practical from the studies. Possible vectors that able to spread this disease such as snails and insects can be controlled with chemicals.    

2.1.3  Biological Control.  The use of antagonistic soil fungi are potential means to control this disease. The sporangia of and chlamydospores of P. palmivora can be aggressively parasitised and killed by an antagonistic soil fungus. 

2.1.4  Resistant Cultivars. This is the best method of growing resistant durian varieties to durian patch canker. Select the certified seedling durian variety with less attack of this disease from the recommendation of various experts.         .



2.2  PINK DISEASE

The Pink Disease normally caused by basidiomyceae fungus also known as Corticum salmonicolor. The disease attacks the twigs and smaller branches of durian trees causing wilting and dieback. Four years and above old durian tree are subject to this attack due to bushy canopies. Those area with heavy rainfall especially on inland area are recorded high occurrence of this disease such as at Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak and Southern Thailand. The silky white mycelia threads appear on the bark of small branches or twigs. This mycelial threads later change appearance to pink color as the bark dies. The infected wood turns dark brown and their leaves yellow foliage in which it drops. The branch dies and finally the disease results wilting and death of foliage on the infected twig or branch. The whole tree is not killed. 

The diagnose stage of the infection determine the success of control measure. As canker disease, I advise that tho control measure should combine with all effort from environmental, chemical and agronomic practices. Wider planting distance for durian tree are able to provide more air-ventilation thar reduce the incidence of pink disease. Remove and burn the infected pink disease twig or branch. The use of chemical such as Copper oxide, Copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide, triadimefen, tridemorph (calixin), oxycarboxin and other systemic fungicide are practical.   



2.3  VELVET FELT FUNGUS INFESTATION

This disease caused by a type of basidiomycete fungus known as Septobacidium spp. As the records, this disease found only at Malaysia and Southern Thailand. It commonly found encircling portions of twigs and small branch of durian and other fruit tree. Infestation increase during rainy periods. As I observed, we may misidentified with pink disease symptom, this velvet fungus are not pathogenic to durian. It does not injured but detracts from the tree's normal appearance. The spongy, felt-like, violet or violet-grey fungus appearance are visible on twigs and small branch. The encrustation can easily removed as the fungus stroma do not penetrate in the bark of durian. Although this disease does not harm the tree, the appearance cause unsightly effect. The control of scale insect with malathion or white oil may reduce the infestation.  


2.4  LICHEN INFESTATION

Lichen usually occur on the surfaces of the leaves as I usually examine. It may appear on the twigs and branch or durian bark of the durian trunk. This lichen are not parasitic to the tree but the appearance on the leaves reduces the photosynthesis activity such as transpiration and respiration. To eradicate the  lichens we spray chemical such as copper or oil base to the infected parts. The effective method is by spraying during the lichen are dry.

 
2.5   MASS INFESTATION

The moss normally found on the bark of the durian trunk. It will form a large green velvety cushion on the bark if not controlled. Mosses also found on the leaves as I observed. They tend to proliferate on the upper side of sloping branches that face the prevailing winds and received the great amount of rain and run-off. The old durian tree with less foliage are more often of appearance. This moss does not injure the tree but rather manufacture their own food by photosynthesis. The removal of infected parts and spraying of sodium chloride able to control the moss. The use of salt water also a significant techniques.

Those five disease of fungus attack durian are the most common problem in durian establishment. More than 110,000 hectare durian tree was grown in Malaysia. Durian is a very sensitive tree that was susceptible from the attack of pest and disease if not properly maintained. The basic agronomic practices such as pruning, fertilizing  weed control, irrigation (in certain area) and other agronomic practices must according to durian package technology. Sayonara! .

Durian fruits with Good Agriculture Practices at Ledang, Johor.

By,
M Anem
Senior Agronomist
DOA Malaysia
Putrajaya
Malaysia
(1 January 2013)

DURIAN - SEEDLING AND ROOT DISEASES

DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) subject to various pests and diseases throughout the year. Attacked of pests and diseases on durian tree started from seedling stage to harvesting stage that cause serious damage if not properly controlled. Durian diseases divided to Seedling and root diseases,Trunk and branch diseases, Foliar diseases and Fruit diseases. Total area of durian plantation and small orchards reported about 82,420 hectare in which Johore has the largest durian area about 24,736 hectare followed by Kelantan (11,906 hectare), Sarawak (10,672 hectare) in 2013. Total production of fresh durian estimated about 297,700 metric tonnes annually. However, about 15,000 mt of durian are imported from Thailand annually for domestic market mostly during off-season. This article I would like to share my knowledge about the durian diseases based on various study in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and other growing durian countries. 

1) SEEDLING AND ROOT DISEASES

1.1 DIEBACK AND FOLIAR BLIGHT

This disease is caused by the fungus known as Phythopthora palmivora. Loss of seedlings in nurseries can reach alarming level up to 50% loss if not properly controlled. From my own observation in various private nurseries, infected nursery soils are the main cause of disease. Other reason is the excessive watering of shaded plants which provoke the spread of disease. The infection usually begins at the stems and later extends to the leaves and root zones. If the trunk and branches later girdled by the infection, I saw the seedling dieback ensues. The root are rot and the leaves are off colored or water-soaked spots symptom occurred. The spots darken and coalesce into larger necrotic patches and the leaf will drops. The disease can be minimized by spacing the seedlings more widely, maintaining good drainage and avoiding excessive watering in the nursery. Remove the infected seedlings. Use the sterilized in the polybeg. Spraying of selected fungicide are suitable to control this disease. Most nursery owner use fungicide such as metalaxyl, cyprofuram, fosetyl aluminium, milfuram or oxydaxyl to control this problem. The use of metalaxyl are common in Malaysia to control this dieback.

1.2 PHYTIUM ROOT ROT

 This root rot disease as I know caused by Phytium vexans a type of fungi. The fungi that attack the trunk of durian are known as Phytium palmivora a different species. This root rot disease is not confined to full grown durian tree but also common in seedling in nursery. The attacked root became necrotic at the root tips. Externally the root appear as normal. but internally the cortex becomes dark brown. New shoot are often produced beneath the dieback of the roots completely damage. To control this disease, several measures are recommended. This include the uprooting and burning of infected trees. Construct trenches around the infected tree and always inspect the adjacent trees. The most common measures that I know very practical is by application of fungicide such as Metalaxyl, fosetyl aluminium, propamorcarb hydrochloride and etridiazole. The use of Trichoderma spp are means of biological control. Another possibility is the use of resistant varieties and improve drainage system in the farms. 

1.3 WHITE ROOT DISEASE

The white root disease in durian are caused by Rigidoporus lignoses a type of fungi. This soil-borne disease occurred if the durian are planted in the area of ex-tapioca (Manihot esculenta) or ex-rubber (Hevea brazilliensis) plantation. The disease are serius for the first six years of durian establishment. The symptoms shown by foliage wilt and changes color from green to yellow than brown and finally shrivels. The durian tree as I observed usually dies shortly after showing this symptoms. For this disease I can say that "Prevention is better than cure" due to not many alternative to avoid. Farm preparation is important to burn all the debris of rubber, cassava or jungle trees. Remove and burn all the infected tree and prepare holes drenched with fungicide such as Tridemorph , Triadimefen, propoconazole or triazole. Further treatment, it advised to dust the planting holes with sulfur before planting. The construction of isolation trenches around diseases tree can also helps curb the spread of disease.

1.4   NEMATOD

This nematode are known as Xiphinema (the dagger nematode) is an ectoparasitic nematode. The nematode feed on the apical tips of the feeder roots and damage them. This caused the root tip to swell and stunted the growth. The infected root only one third of the length of the normal roots. This symptoms is a difficult to indicate because similar to the symptoms of lack of nutrient caused by drought. The impact of nematode attack as I know is quite difficult to access. The use of Nematicides may able to reduce the high population of nematodes in the soils. It is better to check the existence of nematode in the durian area for precaution measures.  THANKS FOR THE INFORMATION.

At durian farm in Muar, Johor.

By,

M Anem
Senior Agronomist
Putrajaya,
Malaysia
(1 January 2013)

DURIAN - FRUIT DISEASES

DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) subject to various pests and diseases throughout the year. Attacked of pests and diseases on durian tree started from seedling stage to harvesting stage that cause serious damage if not properly controlled. Durian diseases divided to Seedling and root diseases,Trunk and branch diseases, Foliar diseases and Fruit diseases. Total area of durian plantation and small orchards reported about 82,420 hectare in which Johore has the largest durian area about 24,736 hectare followed by Kelantan (11,906 hectare), Sarawak (10,672 hectare) in 2013. Total production of fresh durian estimated about 297,700 metric tonnes annually. However, about 15,000 mt of durian are imported from Thailand annually for domestic market mostly during off-seasonThis article I would like to share my knowledge about the durian diseases based on various study in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and other growing durian countries. Few technical durian book from various researcher and extension bulletin are use as references in this article.

4)  FRUIT DISEASES

4.1   FRUIT ROT (Type 1 - Phytium palmivora)

This disease caused by fungus Phytium palmivora and trouble a serious fruit rot of durian due to effect in the market. The symptom first appear of hydrotic patches on the surface of fruit.  White cottony mycelia and sporangia forms forms n necrotic lesion under moist condition. The rot can extend to the arillate seeds. Spray directly fungicide such as captafol, acetate, maneb or mancozeb as a systemic fungicide. Make sure the spray does not leave any toxic residues on the edible fruits. Use the high power sprayer spray gun system for high located fruit at the durian tree.  


4.2  FRUIT ROT (Type 2 - Sclerotium rolfsii)

This fruit rot disease are caused by a type of fungi namely Sclerotium folfsii or Corticum rolfsii. The appearance of fan-shape tufts of thick mycelial strands growing on a water soaked, brown, necrotic lesion on fruit.  From my observation, it was commonly found on the fallen frruit on the ground. Internally the seeds also rot and able to discolouring the cotyledons. The agonomic practices to control is to collect all the fallen fruit and discarded daily. At the base of durian tree should kept free from any undergrowth due to creation of warm moist condition that ideal for the fungi spread.   

  
4.3  FRUIT ROT (Post harvest)

The post harvest fruit rot occurred in different forms due to the nature of causal agent. In most cases as I surveyed, the lesions produce on the fruits consists of irregular necrotic patches of various shade of brown which darken overtime. If this accociated with  Rhizopus, Mucor or Lasiondiploida, the lesions are soft when pressed and the necrosis often extend to the inner wall of the rind. Post harvest of fruit rot can be minimised by more frequent fruit picking. The ideal fruit picking about 2-3 time a day and brush all dirt (soils, leaves others) immediately. To reduce the fruit falling impact to the ground, I normally advise the farmers to construct nylon or wire netting beneath the tree during ripening periods. The durian fruit fall to the netting reduce the damage and fruit rot problem.

Fresh durian from Tangkak, Johor.

By,
M Anem
Senior Agronomist
DOA Malaysia
Putrajaya
Malaysia
(2 January 2013)

DURIAN - FOLIAGE DISEASES

DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) subject to various pests and diseases throughout the year. This article discussed about durian foliage diseases mostly found in Malaysia. Attacked of pests and diseases on durian tree started from seedling stage to harvesting stage that cause serious damage if not properly controlled. Durian diseases divided to Seedling and root diseases,Trunk and branch diseases, Foliage diseases and Fruit diseases. Total area of durian plantation and small orchards reported about 82,420 hectare  in which Johore has the largest durian area about 24,736 hectare followed by Kelantan (11,906 hectare), Sarawak (10,672 hectare) in 2013. Total production of fresh durian estimated about 297,700 metric tonnes annually. However, about 15,000 mt of durian are imported from Thailand annually for domestic market mostly during off-season. This article I would like to share my knowledge about the durian diseases based on various study in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and other growing durian countries.
  

3)  FOLIAGE DISEASES OF DURIAN

3.1  DURIAN LEAF BLIGHT 

This disease are caused by fungi namely Rhizotonia solani on both foliage of seedling and adult durian tree. The disease started with a small water soaked spots on the leaves and than become larger in size. The lesions than dry-up and become light brown and darker and later curly. The affected leaves twigs appear  shriveled, dedicated and necrotic. Some mycelial threads of the fungus appeared on the diseased leave. The damaged leaf reduces the photosynthesis process and less flower initiation at certain critical period. Many tiny , light brown sclerotic patches frequently appear and infected leaves easily fall at serious stage. Less leaves means less photosynthesis process which give negative impact to the flowering and fruiting process.  This disease controlled at seedling stage by less reducing excessive watering activity and by spacing the seedling plants in the nursery. Spraying of fungicide are the practical control measure with Benomyl, Carbendazim, Triadimefen and many others. There are practical method by injection the fungicide into the trunk of matured tree.

 
3.2  DURIAN LEAF SPOT

This disease caused by a type of fungus namely Phomopsis durionis. The premature leaves tend to abort prematurely when attacked by this disease. Seedling stage are easily attacked by this disease. When there is defoliated, the shoot are easily sunburn and secondary infection with Lasiplodia theobromae fungus occurred. However from my observation,  there is no severe attack of this disease for mature durian tree. If any attack occurred  the early sign are tiny spots with yellow than turn brown look like necrotic. On the reverse side of the leaf, the spots are difficult to see as they are masked with peltate leaf scales. Very little scientist known about this epidemiology, there may be an association of damage by insects and fungal infection. The mature tree with lush foliage and seedling stage can be controlled by spraying of  systemic fungicide such as benomyl, carbendazim and triophanate methyl as per label recommendations.     


3.3  DURIAN  LEAF ANTRACNOSE

Durian leaf Antracnose Disease are caused by Collectotricum gleosporoides which able to associate with meteorological  nutritional and environmental factors. As I observed,  this disease occurs on durian leaves as discrete, round, necrotic leaf spots and irregularly-shape necrotic patches usually near the margin of the leaf tip. The leaf spots are pale grayish-brown centers, with more or less concentric rings of tiny black spot or dark brown.  The recommended method to control the antracnose disease in the nursery is to apply foliar sprays. Spraying of fungicide such as benomyl, thiophanate methyl or carbendazem wih combination of chlorothalonil, propineb, menthiram, mencozeb and maneb will be suitable.  
   
3.4 DURIAN LEAF GREEN ALGA RUST

The disease are caused by green alga known as Cephaleuros virencen which causes spots on durian leafs. It reduces leaves photosynthesis activity  and vary easy to control. This disease occurred due to the environmental stresses such as poor soil conditions, thick undergrowth, overcrowding and attack by the insects of mites infestation.  Sign of the disease are rust-colored velutinous spots vary from 3-5 mm in diameter and usually found on the upper surface of the leaves. The infestation may cause the bark on twig  to crack which open for the secondary infections by other microorganism.  Alga rusts infection may serious when the durian tree are unhealthy. From my observation, the best way to control this problem is to revitalize the tree properly by fertilizing and irrigating. Other method is by alleviating the nutritional deficiencies,  reducing humidity around the tree and increasing the air circulations in the canopy. For stubborn infection, spraying of fungicide are practical with fungicide such as fentin acetate, benomyl, thiram or copper fungicide.

All the four foliar disease above are easy to identify if we familiar with the symptoms. Most matured healthy durian tree are not seriously attacked by this foliar disaeae with adequate agronomic practices. I hope this article provide additional information for all "Anim Agro Technology" readers a fruitful knowledge. Thanks. 

Matured durian fruits at Muar, Johor.

By,
M Anem
Senior Agronomist
DOA Malaysia
Putrajaya
Malaysia
(3 January 2013) 

DURIAN - CANTUMAN DEWASA (TESTIMONI)

CANTUMAN DEWASA pokok durian (Durio zibethinus) merupakan satu teknologi yang sesuai dijalankan untuk menukar pokok durian dewasa yang tidak produktif atau dari varieti kurang berkualiti seperti Durian Kampong kepada pokok yang mampu menghasilkan durian klon terbaik. Tanaman durian dari varieti Durian Kampong yang masih ada ditanam semenjak dahulu masih banyak yang hidup dan berbuah tetapi hasilnya kurang berharga ketika musim durian. Kini terdapat teknologi membuat cantuman dewasa durian yang boleh dijalankan untuk menggantikan pokok yang tidak berkualiti dengan varieti durian yang disyorkan. Pada masa ini dari 12 varieti terpilih yang telah di syorkan oleh Jabatan Pertanian, terdapat beberapa varieti yang boleh dijalankan program cantuman dewasa untuk mendapatkan kualiti pokok dan buah yang baik. Sila baca artikel mengenai beberapa varieti durian popular di Malaysia (Klik disini). Penulis telah melawat beberapa kebun durian swasta sekitar Pagoh dan Tangkak untuk membuat tinjauan amalan teknologi tentang perlaksanaan teknik Cantuman Dewasa yang telah dijalankan oleh ramai pengusaha kebun durian komersial sejak lama dulu. Saya dapati teknik ini telah berjaya meningkatkan pendapatan petani dengan signifikan dimana meningkatkan pendapatan petani dengan harga jualan durian varieti D197 (Varieti Raja Kunyit) dan D168 (Varieti Hajah Asmah) sekitar RM 3.00 - RM 4.00 sekilogram pada musim puncak berbanding dengan durian kampong sekitar RM0.50 atau tidak laku langsung. Foto pokok diatas merupakan pokok durian kampong yang telah 12 tahun dibuat cantuman dewasa di Kg Paya Redan, Muar , Johor milik petani swasta. Lawatan kekebun durian Mr Tan ini saya mendapati mereka membuat menggantian varieti lama (D13, D16 dan Durian Kampong) dengan varieti yang popular seperti D197 dan D168 dan dijalankan secara berperingkat-peringkat. Artikel malam ini saya menulis dalam "Anim Agro Technology" mengenai maklumat testimoni membuat cantuman dewasa durian hasil lawatan kekebun tersebut. 

Sebanyak 50% daripada 70 pokok dalam ladang Mr Tan telah dibuat cantuman dewasa semenjak 7-12 tahun dahulu. Pokok yang telah dibuat cantuman dewasa telah tinggi dan behasil dengan baik (Lihat foto sebelah). Pokok tersebut selepas 5 tahun dicantum didapati mampu memberikan buah durian D197 yang kini dipopularkan sebagai 'Musang King' dijual dengan harga yang sangat baik. Menurut Mr Tan, pokok tersebut musim lepas menghasilan sebanyak 45 biji durian dengan pendapatan kadar bagi pokok tersebut sekitar RM340 (Purata harga jualan RM4.00 sekilogram). Ini amat signifikan hasilnya dengan nilai buah pokok sebelum dibuat cantuman biasa pengasilan sepokok cuma sekitar RM30 - RM50 sahaja (Harga jualan RM0.40 sekilogram). Beberapa tahun lagi jumlah buah daripada pokok cantuman dewasa ini akan meningat mengikut umur. Kini beliau masih membuat 3 pokok durian lagi sedang dicantas untuk dibuat cantuman dewasa. Katanya membuat cantuman dewasa perlu mengikut jadual yang disusun berperingkat agar hasil durian dapat berterusan untuk dijual setiap musim. Katanya pokok durian yang dibuat cantuman dewasa akan mengeluarkan buah selepas 3-5 tahun dibuat cantuman bergantung kepada penjagaan pokok, saiz dan umur pokok. Pemerhatian saya mendapati saiz ukurlilit batang asal pokok induk lazimnya agak kecil berbanding dengan pokok baru yang berada diatasnya untuk mengenalinya.

Kajian disekitar Daerah Muar dan Ledang yang mempunyai jumlah keluasan bagi tanaman durian melebihi 9,500 hektar pada tahun 2013 mendapati, lebih 60% pokok durian adalah dari varieti Durian Kampong yang sesuai dijalankan program cantuman dewasa. Menurut En Jaafar iaitu Ketua Kelompok Dusun Nukleus Lenga Batu 28, pada musim durian lepas durian kampong yang rendah kualiti memang tidak ada harga langsung dan telah diproses untuk produk berasaskan durian. Beliau setuju agar dibuat sesuatu dengan isu ini dimana katanya peserta projek kelompok dikamppongnya bersedia mengikuti program cantuman dewasa dimana pokok durian lama perlu di'remajakan'. Pokok durian yang sudah tua ini perlu menjalani kaedah tanaman sulaman atau cantuman dewasa (bagi pokok terpilih yang sesuai). Petani masa ini membeli benih tanaman durian varieti yang disyorkan daripada pembekal nurseri swasta dan ada juga membeli dengan Jabatan Pertanian. Kalau mereka hendak pastikan ketulinan dan kualiti benih durian tersebut, mereka boleh merujuk kepada penjual nurseri swasta dengan Jabatn Pertanian akan status benih tersebut dibawah Skim Pengesahan Bahan Tanaman (SPBT). Skim ini mempastikan pemilik nurseri mematuhi piawaian penyediaan benih tanaman mengikut SOP bagi menentukan kualiti benih yang hendak dijual. Terdapat ramai pengusaha yang telah mengikuti skim ini dan mempunyai sijil SPBT. 

Pemerhatian mendapati aktiviti cantuman dewasa durian merupakan satu teknik yang sangat sesuai dijalankan pada masa ini. Petani dan pegawai pengembangan pertanian perlu bekerjasama dalam perlaksanaan program cantuman dewasa tanaman durian di negara kita. Teknik perlaksanaan cantuman dewasa durian ini juga tidak terlalu sukar tetapi memerlukan pengetahuan dan kemahiran serta komitmen pemilik pokok durian. Ketinggian pokok, saiz batang, susunan dahan dan sumber mata tunas varieti durian berkualiti merupakan antara perkara penting sebelum menjalankan cantuman dewasa. Keperluan alatan mencantum seperti gergaji potong dahan, pisau cantuman, plastik cantuman, tangga, parang, plastik jernih, scateurs dan sebagainya disediakan. Pemilihan pokok durian yang sederhana saiz batangnya lebih mudah untuk dijalankan cantuman dewasa berbanding dengan pokok durian tua yang besar dan sangat tinggi. Saya akan menulis mengenai beberapa kaedah cantuman dewasa durian pada artikel akan datang. InsyAllah!.

Anak Mr Tan yang menunjukkan batang pokok durian cantuman dwewasa.

BUANG PUCUK...CANTASAN DEWASA...

POKOK DURIAN... TINGGI ASALNYA...
BELUM RAMAI...BERANI MENCUBA...
POKOK RENDAH... HASIL BERGANDA...

By,

M Anem,

Room  1203, Muar Traders Hotel,

Jalan Maharani, Muar,

Johor, Malaysia.

(9 Safar 1435H)

DURIAN PACKAGE TECHNOLOGY

Durian Sale at Car Bonet at Tangkak, Johor.

Many people want to know about Durian Package Technology.

How to grow Durian?

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) is a tropical fruit popular in Malaysia as "King of the Fruit". The durian technology in Malaysia developed many years ago and grown as hobby without proper system in traditional orchard. Dept of Agriculture Malaysia recorded about about 200 durian clones in Malaysia. The names of the clones mostly identified by locality and origin or names of the founder. Durian in Malaysia selected from popular clones for domestic market and recently for export market. Total area grown with Durian was 110,615 hectare in 2009 producing about 288,900 metric ton. Muar District in Johor has the largest durian area with 7,048 hectare recorded followed by Segamat District in Johor (6,741 hectare) and third largest was Kuala Kerai District in Kelantan (5,365 hectare).

Durian seedling from vegetative planting material using root stock resistant to Canker Disease such as Durio lowainus (Wild durian) as seed. My observation shown that durian tree able to produce fruit between 5-7 years depend on clones and management system. Normally the fruit ripening period between 90-120 days after flowering and fall. The popular durian such as D24 maturity period between 105-115 days, D99 (90-100 days), D123 (90-100 days), D 145 (100-115 days), D158 (105-120 days), D159 (105-120 days), D169 (100-110 days), D 188(100-115 days), D189 (100-110 days) and D190 (106-115 days). Durian has a Rich nutrient content especially Protein (2.7 gm/kg), Carbohydrate (27.9 gm), Calcium (40 mg), Vitamin A (150 mg) and many others.

Land preparation for durian is important to burning and preparing contour (if any) and major infrastructures such as main drain, secondary drain, farm roads, ponds and store. Ploughing is important on new area for durian plantation minimum of 35 cm depth. Durian planting distance was 9m x 9m x 9m (123 tree/ha) as Triangle Design. If the Design was Rectangular recommended planting distance was 9 m x 9m (100 tree/ha) or 10 m x 12 m (83 tree/ha). Installation of drip tape of Micro-spray system recommended before planting. Planting hole of 60cm x 60 cm x 60 cm prepared with basic fertilizers application of 5-10 kg organic fertilizer, 500 gm GML and 150-250 gm NPK 15:15:15 per hole.

Selected durian seedling planted with mixed clones (minimum 2-3 clones each farm) to ensure better pollination and high quality durian. main clones at least 50-70% of the total tree count. Seedling planted more than 5 cm above ground level and ensure a post to indicate the planting hole. Irrigate new planted seedling everyday except rainy day. Ensure the PE Tubing (piping) was layered at least 20-30 cm underground because it will damage under direct sunlight using 'furrower'. Pest surveillance is a must to check pests and diseases at all stages. Weed control bya manual and chemical method. Use Glufosinate ammonium at 132 ml/ 18 liter water sprayed in between rows at least every 2- 3 months.

Manuring program follow Package Technology by DOA with NPK 15:15:15 about 0.5 kg / tree/year, Organic Fertilizer (20 kg/tree at 2 application), GML (0.5 kg/ha). Apply manure at the end of canopy system to ensure maximum absorption of fertilizer. Apply GML to reduce acidity about 0.5 kg /tree/ year accordingly. Pruning is important to cut unwanted shoot or branching system.

Durian has largest pest beginning from early stage of planting up to matured old tree and about 18 was recorded by DOA. Koya (Pseudococcus spp) attack the new shoot and spray with Dimethoate (5.8 ml/4.5 liter water) or Carbaryl (5-10 ml/4.5 liter water). Snail (Achantia fulica) eats young seedling cause death to the seedling controlled by Metahydehyde. The third pest was Scale Insect or Teritip (Coccus spp) and controlled with insecticide called Domethoate or Deltamethrin. Lintah Bulan (Limax spp) attack young seedling and controlled by Meta 5G. Thrips (Thrips spp) attack the leaves cause crinkle and use chemical spray of Amitraz or Dicofor or Propagite or Sulfer tp control. Hamana (Teranhyus spp) attack durian leaves controlled with chemical as Thrips.

The seventh pest was Cockchafer (Kumbang Makan Daun) or Apogonia spp which eat durian leaves controlled with Fenthion. Lavana Moth attack leaves and controlled by Dimethoate chemicals. White Fly (Aleurodicus disperses) attack leaves by sucking and controlled by Lefenuron/ Cyromaizine / Prefenos. Scale Insect (Asrerolancium lecanium) also attack durian leaves and control by chemical. Skin Stem Borer (Synanthedon spp) attack durian stems from early stage controlled by Dimethoate. Nematode (Meloidogyne incognite) attack durian root and very important to early control by Carbofuran or Fenamiphos.

The 13th pest was Belalang Kunyit (Vollangga nigriconis) that eat young leaves and control by insecticide. Termites (Microfermes pallidus) damage durian rooting system and controlled with Chlorpyrifos at 4.5 liter poured in 1 meter square attacked area. Durian Stem Borer (Bactocera gultata) and (Zeuzera coffeane) attack durian stem and controlled through trunk injection with Dimethoate or Fenthion. Fruit Borer (see photo above) has 3 species for durian that is Mudaria magniplaga, Cognogetes puntiferralis and Tonica spp cause damage to durian flesh and controlled with Lambda cyhalothrin or Fenthion or Deltamethrin. Kumbang Pengorek Batang (Playtypus spp) attack durian trunk and controlled by chemicals such as Dimethoate. The last listed pest for durian was Squirrel or Tupai that eat ripe fruit and use trap of shoot them!

Durian also has 7 serious disease in the long list. Top of the list was Root Rot (Phytium spp) and cause mortality to the tree and control with Methalaxyl. Damping Off the durian seedling caused by Phythopthora parasitica controlled by 3 types of chemicals namely Methalaxyl, Dimethomorph and Fosetyl aluminium. Hawar daun (Rhizoctonia sonali) is the third durian disease in the list controlled by 3 type of chemicals. Antracnose (Collectotricum gloesporoides) attack durian leaves and controlled with mancozeb or Thiophanate methyl at recommended dosage. Alga Leaf Spot (Cephaleuros virescens) attack leaves and control with chemicals. Stem/Fruit Canker (Phythopthora palmivora) is the most scary durian disease among all. It attack the durian stem and able to kill durian tree controlled with Metalaxyl direct to the attacked area by removing the skin before chemical application. The last durian disease called "Cendawan Angin" caused by Corticum salmonicolor and controlled with Tridemorph or copper based chemicals.

As you read above article on pest and disease control there was so many chemical used to make sure we can eat nice durian fruit. Seems that durian has so many enemies interested in his development career. Why durian has so many enemies? May be he was "King of The Fruit". The king has to survive even though the enemies attacked from early seedling stage till matured stage. So if you wants to buy durian... make sure there is Organic Certified or there is some pests attack that means less chemical has been used by farmers. Is that true...

DURIAN CLONES....SELECT THE BESTS...

BUY DURIAN... TRADITIONAL TREE ARE SAFE...

CLONAL DURIAN... TREMENDOUS TASTE...

DURIAN INDUSTRY.... GOING TO SUNSETS...

YOUNG GENARATION... DONT LIKE DURIAN...

THINK, THINK... WHAT HAPPEN TO THE KING...

By

M Anem

Johore