BUSINESS PLAN OF MTCP PROJECT

Training on Business Plan preparation by me to MTCP participnants.

Executive Summary

Name and Brief Information of Business
The Group Farming Kg Sungai Terap is located in Sungai Terap, Muar, Johor whose mission is to establish mushroom houses and plant pitaya (dragon fruit), sweet corn and lemon grass. Farmers Group intends to provide high quality and fresh mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass for the consumption of the people of Malaysia.Farmers Group's management team is led by Mr. Mat Ali Bin Hamid as Business Manager, who has extensive knowledge of the mushroom industry. The farmers group expects to employ seven (7) permanent employees and contractual employees/hired laborers.

Products or Services Offered
The Farmers Group plans to concentrate on the production of fresh mushroom as its primary product. The mushroom house will have a capacity sufficient to produce 48,000 kg of mushroom per year.The farmers will also intend to plant pitaya (dragon fruit), sweet corn and lemon grass and produce fresh and nutritional 72,000 cobs of sweet corn and 20,234 kg of lemon grass per year and 8,000 kg of pitaya on Year 2, 16,000 kg on Year 3 and 25,000 kg on Year 4 onwards.

Marketing Plan
The farmers group will continue to service the existing C & C Company for the supply of mushroom. The target customers for the entire fresh product harvested from the farm are vegetable & fruit processors and private individual buyers through direct selling and farmers markets. Farmers group will initially market and supply its products to target customers. The farmers group plans to use the Internet as one of its marketing channels. To this extent, the farmers group further would like to set up a website to market its products.The farmers group will set a grading for the produced mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass in order to get high price and attract more customers.
The farmers group will utilize aggressive advertising strategies to further market its products like promotion of products through the sponsoring of cooking shows and exhibitions using the mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass.

Objectives of the Business Plan
The business plan was prepared to show the feasibility study for commercial farming project at Sungai Terap, Muar, Johor.

1. The farmers will be able to decide if they will engage in the commercial farming project. 2. The farmers will be guided in the implementation of the project.
3. The farmer will be able to produce 48,000 kg of mushroom per year, 72,000 cobs of sweet corn and 20,234 kg of lemon grass per year and 8,000 kg of pitaya on Year 2, 16,000 kg on Year 3 and 25,000 kg on Year 4 onwards.
4. The farmers gross income will increase from the average of RM 2,600.00 to RM3,600.00 per month.
5. The officer in-charge in the project will be able to closely monitor the progress the project.

Justification and Viability of the Proposed Project
The business plan for the commercial farming project of the four (4) type of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in the five-year term is a profitable one even in the worst scenario at 20% decrease on the production and 20% increase on the production cost. This kind of endeavor is acceptable and the risk is manageable. Based on the financial analysis, total gross income is expected at RM 1,768,560.42 and the total cost of production is RM 953,247.21. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 815,313.21. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.86 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 596,338.59.



I. INTRODUCTION
The business plan was prepared to show the feasibility study for a commercial farming project at Sungai, Terap, Muar, Johor. This business plan will guide the farmers to plan and ensure the implementation of the project is a viable and profitable one. The farmer’s income will be increase by the integration of other farming activities. This paper will be the basis of any financing institutions for possible financial support and allows the officers in-charge of project to closely monitor the progress.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND

Location of the Project
The farm of the Group Farming Kg Sungai Terap is located in Sungai Terap, Muar, Johor, about 9 km from Muar town.

Background of the Project
The group farming project of Kg Sungai Terap started in June 1986 engaged in the mixed-fruit/orchard farming involving 12 hectares under the Agricultural Input Development (AID) Project. They started in mushroom project in 2004 involving 5 farmers with 5 mushroom houses with size of 40ft by 20ft. These farmers are just the 30% of the members of group farming started in orchard farming.

Agro Climatic
Rainfall Pattern in Muar, Johor as per attached between 172 - 220 mm/month annually. This rainfall is suitable for mushroom, pitaya and other selected crops.

Soil Crop Suitability
The location of the farm is a flat area with 2-40 of slope. The soil is sandy clay loam and suitable for planting pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass. The irrigation system must be constructed for supply of water.

Present Status of the Farm
At present, seven (7) farmers involved in the mushroom project with 15 mushroom houses of various sizes. They have developed 8.3 hectares out of the targeted area of 12 hectares. The sizes of the mushroom house varies from 40ft by 20 ft and 144ft by 40ft. The farmers used nipah shingles and shading net materials for the mushroom house. Some farmers used a machine in preparing bag media and others do it manually.

Background of the Participants
Seven (7) farmers, all are men involved in the mushroom project. Only one farmer is still single and the rest are married.

1 Mat Ali Bin Hamid
2 Wahid Bin Taaf
3 Yazid Mohd. Dan
4 Mohd Amin Ahmad
5 Mohd Nazri Mohd Dan
6 Ayub Hj Daud
7 Burhan Bin Dewa

III. PRODUCTION PLAN
The Farmers Group plans to concentrate on the production of fresh mushroom as its primary product. The mushroom house will have a capacity sufficient to produce 48,000 kg of mushroom per year.
The farmers will also intend to plant pitaya (dragon fruit), sweet corn and lemon grass and produce fresh and nutritional 72,000 cobs of sweet corn and 20,234 kg of lemon grass per year and 8,000 kg of pitaya on Year 2, 16,000 kg on Year 3 and 25,000 kg on Year 4 onwards.

Proposed Project Area Per Crop

Crop and Hectare
1 Mushroom (0.40 ha) - 2 cycle
2 Pitaya (0.80 ha) - Perennial crop
3 Sweet Corn (0.80 ha) - 3 cycle
4 Lemon Grass (0.80 ha) - 1 cycle


Crop Calendar

1) Mushroom
The grey oyster variety will be used in the mushroom production. There will be 2 cycles in a year and harvesting of mushroom is 7 times in a cycle.

2) Pitaya
The Red Fruit variety will be used in the pitaya production. It will be planted on the second month of the year and the first harvesting will be on the last month of the year. The pitaya lifespan is around 20 to 25 years.

3) Sweet Corn
The Thai Supersweet variety will be used in the sweet corn production. There will be 3 cycles in a year and will be harvested 68 to 72 days after planting.

4) Lemon Grass
The Peha Ayam variety will be used in the lemongrass production. It will be planted on the second month of the year and the harvesting will be done 6 to 8 months after planting.

The detailed crop and production calendar per crop is on the attached Annexes Nos. 1-5.

Criteria of selection were based on the farmers’ expertise, farmers’ standing capital, fair price, availability of inputs and other resources.
The farmers will utilize traditional and more advanced technologies to produce mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass.

IV. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The commercial farming project will be financed by the farmers and any financing institutions. The farmers will contribute 20% of the total project cost and 80% will be loaned from any financing institution.


V. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Table 1 is the master cashflow for the four (4) type of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,768,560.42 and the total cost of production is RM 953,247.21. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 815,313.21. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.86 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 596,338.59.

Analysis for Mushroom
Table 2 is the cashflow of mushroom production covering 240,0000 bags or 0.40 hectare. There are 2 cycles in a year for the production of mushroom. The total production cost in a year is about RM 139,147.14 and the gross income in a year is RM 240,000.00 resulting to RM 100,852.86 net income. The return on investment is 1.72.

Analysis for Pitaya
Table 3 is the cashflow of pitaya production covering 0.80 hectare. The total production cost for 5 years is about RM 170,256.60. It is only on the second year the farmers can earn from pitaya production. A total net income of P5,167.00 will be get on the second year and increase every year. The return on investment is 0.72.

Analysis for Sweet Corn
Table 4 is the cashflow of sweet corn production covering 0.80 hectare. There are 3 cycles in a year for the production of sweet corn. The total production cost in a year is about RM 8,851.48 and the gross income in a year is RM 36,000.00 resulting to RM 27,148.52 net income. The return on investment is 0.25.


Analysis for Lemon Grass
Table 5 is the cashflow of lemon grass production covering 0.80 hectare. There is 1 cycle in a year for the production of lemon grass. The total production cost in a 2009 (Year 1) is about RM 5,207.53 and the gross income in a year is RM 30,352.08 resulting to RM 25,144.56 net income. The return on investment is 0.20.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Based on the sensitivity analysis of various decrease and increase rate in the production (yield) and production cost (Tables 6 to 11), show that even in the worst scenario at 20% decrease on the production and 20% increase on the production cost, the farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. The total gross income is expected at RM 1,412,420.17 and the total cost of production is RM 1,143,950.07. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 268,470.01. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.23 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 183,248.50.

a) If 10% Decrease on the Production (Yield)
Table 6 shows that even the production (yield) decrease by 10%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,591,704.38 and the total cost of production is RM 953,247.21. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 638,457.17. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.67 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 463,813.13.

b) If 10% Increase on the Production Cost
Table 7 shows that even the production cost increase by 10%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,765,525.21 and the total cost of production is RM 1,048,620.90. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 716,904.32. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.68 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 520,643.19.

c) If 10% Decrease on the Production (Yield) + 10% Increase on the Production Cost

Table 8 shows that even the production (yield) decrease by 10% and production cost increase by 10%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,588,972.69 and the total cost of production is RM 1,048,620.90. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 540,351.80. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.52 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 388,393.67.

d) If 20% Decrease on the Production (Yield)
Table 9 shows that even the production (yield) decrease by 20%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,412,420.17 and the total cost of production is RM 953,291.72. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 459,128.45. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.48 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 329,039.78.

e) If 20% Increase on the Production Cost
Table 10 shows that even the production cost increase by 20%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,765,525.21 and the total cost of production is RM 1,143,950.07. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 621,575.14. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.54 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 447,747.55.

f) If 20% Decrease on the Production (Yield) + 20% Increase on the Production Cost

Table 11 shows that even the production (yield) decrease by 20% and production cost increase by 20%, the group farmers will still earn an income for the commercial farming of four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in five-year term. It shows that the total gross income is expected at RM 1,412,420.17 and the total cost of production is RM 1,143,950.07. The farmers can get a total net farm income of RM 268,470.10. This business plan shows that for every ringgit spent on the project, RM 0.23 will be earned. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 10% is RM 183,248.50.

VI. MARKETING PLAN
The farmers group will continue to service the existing C & C Company for the supply of mushroom. The target customers for the entire fresh product harvested from the farm are vegetable & fruit processors and private individual buyers through direct selling and farmers markets. Farmers Group will initially market and supply its products to target customers. The farmers group plans to use the internet as one of its marketing channels. To this extent, the farmers group further would like to set up a website to market its products.

The farmers group target customers will be as follows:
Mushroom:
· C & C Company
· Wholesaler
· Mushroom processors
· Food outlets
· People approaching the farm
· Roadside stands and farmers' markets

Pitaya, Sweet Corn and Lemon Grass:
· Wholesaler
· Pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass processors
· Food outlets
· People approaching the farm
· Roadside stands and farmers' markets

The farmers group will set a grading system for the produced mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass in order to get high price and attract more customers.
The supply of mushroom is available for the months of April to 1st week of July and October to 1st week of January; supply of pitaya will be available on December and year onwards; supply of sweet corn is available on the months of April to May, September and January; and supply of lemon grass on the month of September.
The farmers group will utilize aggressive advertising strategies to further market its products like promotion of products through the sponsoring of cooking shows and exhibitions using the mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass.


VII. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Farmers Group's management team is led by Mr. Mat Ali Bin Hamid as Business Manager, who has extensive knowledge of the mushroom industry. The farmers group expects to employ seven (7) permanent employees and contractual employees/hired laborers.

The Farmers Group team is organized into three groups:

Management
Management will be responsible for supervising and participating in the daily operations of the facility. Management consists of:
· Mat Ali Bin Hamid, Business Manager
· Wahid Bin Taaf, Asst. Business Manager
· Yahid Mohd Dan, Secretary
· Mohd Amin Ahmad, Treasurer

Daily Maintenance
This group will consist of the following:
· Mohd Nazri Mohd Dan, Operation Supervisor
· Ayub Hj. Daud, Marketing Supervisor
· Burhan Bin Dewa, Field Supervisor

Contract Personnel/Hired Laborer
Contract personnel and/or hired laborers will be utilized for the preparation of media for mushroom and land preparation, planting, maintenance and harvesting of pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass.

VIII. CONCLUSION
The business plan for the commercial farming project of the four (4) types of commodity (mushroom, pitaya, sweet corn and lemon grass) in the five-year term is a profitable one, even in the worst scenario at 20% decrease on the production (yield) and 20% increase on the production cost. This kind of endeavor is acceptable and the risk is manageable.

PREPARE BUSINESS PLAN.... TO SHOW PRODUCTIVITY...

FOLLOW BUSINESS PLAN.... NEED REGULAR REVISION...

CHECK THE PLANNING.... ENSURE THE PROFIT....

READ TO STUDY BUSINESS PLAN....

By

M Anem

MTCP Lecturer

Serdang

Mushroom - Raw Material Costing

Grey Oyter Mushroom ready for harvest at Muar District Project.

Grey Oyster Mushroom (Localy known as Cendawan Tiram Kelabu) was a popular comodity among Muar farmers since 2005 when Pagoh Agriculture Special Project (Projek Khas Peertanian Pagoh) was implemented. Since then about 15 farmers group active in muchroom production. However, the price of raw material for mushroom production tremendously increase due to petrol price hike in 2007/2008 and other factors are supply and demand. Recently I conduct simple survey to the selected farmers to gain an information about availabity of raw material and the costing for mushroom production.

The survey conducted for 7 farmers located at Kg Terus Panchor, Kg Tg Selabu, Kg Muda Jaya, Kg Parit Simpang, Kg Bt 27 Lenga, Kg Sg Terap and Kg Bukit Pasir all in Muar District of Johore. I visit all 7 structures and had an interview with the operators. According to Rosli, he already managed for 8 cycle to produce mushroom from begining. He was trained by DOA personels at Parit Simpang Training Center on hands-on training for 5 days. He said that the price of mushromm production material was increase from before especially on oil based material.

Below are some reasonable price list in Muar District of Johor for mushroom production from my research late 2009.

LEFT: OSTER MUSHROOM
FARM AT KG SG TERAP,
MUAR UNDER DOA
SUPERVISION


1. GREY OYSTER MUSHROOM

a. Substrate bag - RM 0.75 per bag (Inoculated)
b. Spawn - RM 3.00 per pack
c. Ring (Plastic) - RM 0.058 per pieces
d. Flat Cap - RM 0.053 per pcs
e. Cultivation cap - RM 0.078 per set
f. Plastic bag - RM 13.00 per /kg
g. Calcium carbonate - RM 0.30 /kg
h. Saw Dust (Rubber) - RM 85.00/ton
i. Rice bran - RM 1.20 /kg
j. Fire wood chip - RM 200 /2.5 mt truck
k. Steamer (4x8x5) - RM 6,000/unit

Right: Agriculture Officer
Checking mushroom
for diseases.

2. FOR SUBSTRATE BAG ONLY:
(Price for substrate MUSHROOM - inoculated)

a. White Oyster - RM 1.00/bag
b. Yellow Oyster -RM 0.90/bag
c. Pink Oyster - RM 0.80/bag
d. Abalone - RM 0.80/bag
e. Black Poplar - RM 0.80/bag
f. Black Jelly - RM 3.00/bag
g. Ling-Zhi - RM 1.50/bag

Above price was reported to increase in this year (2010) especially on saw dust and plastic product. My survey shown that the ex-farm price for fresh grey oyster mushroom between RM 6.00 - RM 7.00 depending on grades and size. However there is an anchor company in Muar (C&C Mushroom ) provide contract farming concept with buying price at RM 4.50 per kilogram. Recently few mushroom farmers reported to stop their activity due to the increase in operation cost, low productivity due to diseases and unstable production line. Department of Agriculture in Muar conduct an advice program through extension agent and training program to analyse the situation. Result shown smallholders has not enough capital when more than 50% of the targeted yield was thrown away due to disease. Sanitation and Good Manufacturing Practices (GAP) always in the top SPTP's Extension program.

Visit Ling Zhi Project at Grisek and study the market demand. Ling-zhi claimed was good to cure cancer.

EAT MORE MUSHROOM.........MORE HEALTHY....

GROW MUSHROOM........WHAT THE COST?

By

M Anim

DOA Muar

Industri Asas Tani Muar

Projek Industri Asas Tani (IAT) Jabatan Pertanian Johor bagi Daerah Muar terdiri daripada pelbagai kluster Produk iaitu Produk Makanan Ringan, Produk Hasilan Kelapa, Produk Jus, Produk Hasilan Soya, Produk Kerepek, Produk Kuih Tradisional, Produk Pes, Produk Hasilan Laut, Produk Kek dan Bakeri, Produk Makanan Sejukbeku dan sebagainya. Usahawan yang aktif sentiasa diberikan khidmat pengembangan melalui pegawai-pegawai IAT/PKT Daerah dan Kursus-kursus Teknikal secara berjadual. Selain daripada bantuan peralatan dan mesin usahawan juga di bantu dari segi peningkatan kualiti produk dan promosi produk serta pencaarian luang pasaran. Aspek-aspek Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) dan HACCP serta persijilan HALAL MALAYSIA menjadi sasaran setiap usahawan. Mereka diberikan pengetahuan tentang Analisa Untung Rugi Projek serta membuat anaalisa sensitivity pprojek.

Terdapat seramai 128 usahawan di Daerah Muar/Ledang yang telah berdaftar dengan Pejabat Pertanian Muar sehingga Tahun 2008 dengan jumlah nilai pengeluaran sebanyak RM 7.85 juta setahun. Mereka dipantau aktiviti pengeluaran oleh Pegawai2 IAT Jabatan Pertanian dengan menggunakan Borang SKU 1 hingga SKU 7 yang mencatitkan segala produktiiviti setiap usahawan yang di bimbing. Antara peserta yang berjaya mencapai pengeluaran melebihi RM100,00 sebulan adalah seperti Aini Ayub (Panchor - makanan sejuk Beku), JT Sinaran Bukit Gambir - Pes Makanan), UNS Enterprise (Sg Sudah- Mas Cotek), Nasuha Enterprise (Herba), Tudin Enterprise (Kundang Ulu -Sos Cili Cendawan) dan En Alip Samsuddin (Produk Hasilan Laut). Produk mereka merupakan produk yang berkualiti, Pembungkusan yang menarik serta melepasi ' sensery Test' Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia.

Mereka juga berdaftar dengan Portal Agribazaar (http://www.agribazaar.com.my/) untuk memudahkan peluang pemasaran melaui internet. Pembeli, pengedar dan peminat boleh berhubung dengan Pejabat Pertanian Muar/Ledang untuk keterangan lanjut senarai pengusaha IAT di alamat :

Pejabat Pertanian Muar

314, Jalan Kamariah,

84000, Muar, Johor.

(Tel: 09-9522845)

Membuat kuih cakar ayam dan Produk mee siput simbol IAT Muar

Berminat nak melawat?

Contact DOA Muar 07-9522845

BUSINESS PLAN - PB NITAR

Inspection of vegetables farm at Kg PB Nitar, Mersing, Johor.

Business Plan is a tool in Extension system to show about the whole proposal in farming activities. New proposal include all activities and financial requirement as well as manpower management syatem. Group Farming is a model in Malaysia to promote agriculture activities in an organise manner so that the productivity and extension system are on the track. Below is a example of Business Plan Format fo a group Farming dealing with food crop.

1 OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this Business Plan is to show the viability of implementation Group Farming at Jalan Nitar 1, Mersing about 8 hectare involved 8 participants. This project was an expansion of 3 hectare area which planted with traditional and semi-commercial approach from 2000. This project is to increase farmer’s income to reach at least RM 1,000 per month with commercial system especially on food production with assistant from government through Department of Agriculture. The Group Farming Project is categorized in group ‘B’ may improved the income level upon project implementations.

2 PROJECT BACKGROUND
- Project sites, Soil Type, Location, Area, Basic Infrasructures, Rainfall data,Drainage, Water source , farmers data and othera. Project area was an area under FELDA reserved for food production project. Each farmers allocated 1 hectare area proposed for vegetables and cashcrop project. Soil types was sandy loam fall under Segamat Series. There was a 2 km farm roads and 2 unit reservoir as source of waters. Anuual rainfall data for 2007 was 1,100 mmm and there was no water logged area. All 8 selected farmers had their own committees as Leader, marketeers, Secretary, Treasurer and group members.


3 VEGETABLE PROJECT PROPOSAL
- Explain about crop proposal for a period of time (crop Cycle, Annual Planning), Crop Type, Hectarage, Duration
Proposed crop was Loofa, Cucumber, Bitter Gourd, Chilli and Maize. The planting scadule was arranged in sucah a way using matrix calendar. Cropping Pattern and labour requirement was calculated as requried by marketing needs.

4 CROP CALENDAR PLANNING
- Showing crop calendar by Crop Type, Duration, Hectarage, Vegetative/Reproductive Date (By Week, Months, Cycle)
The crop calendar shows the sequence in planting ativities between selected crops.

5 PREPARATION OF PRODUCTION CALENDAR
- Showing Production Calendar of various crap bya Weeks, Month or Crop Cycle. Corelation with production Calendar.

6 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT AND MACHINERIES.
- Discuss basic infrastructure requirement such as Drainage, Farm Road, Irrigation System, Collection Center, Workers hut, Store, Bridge, Tractors, Trailers, Wheelbarrow, Knapsack Sprayers, Boom Sprayers, Baskets, Racks, Harvesters, Sprinklers System, Lorry, Triacycles, Motorbikes, Waterpumps, etc

7 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
- Analysis of each crop by Cycles aor Annual Period (Depend on Crop Duration). Shows Analysis of Gross Income, Nett Income, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Cost of Return (COF), IRR, NPV , Return to Investment etc



8 MANPOWER/LABOR ANALYSIS
- Shows the man power/workers requirement throught the year/crop cycle (Familiy labor or Hired Labor) and cost of Labor.


9 MARKETING PLAN
- Marketing Plan showing the strategies and marketing syatem (Wholesale / Retail / Direct Selling). It follows the production calendar that considered the Best Price to gain maximum profit.

10 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
- Management o f the project by Group Farming (Traditional, Moders, Commercial) or Individual Based Concept.


11 CLOSING REMARKS
Business Plan for PB Nitar Mersing earned about RM 3,206.51 per month if the 8 hectar vegetable grown with selected vegetables. The selected crap were chili, Long Bean ( kacang panjang), Loofa ( petola), Cucumber ( timun), French Bean ( kacang buncis) and Maize ( jagung manis).

by
M Anem

TKPM SEKIJANG (Analisa Projek)

PROJEK TAMAN KEKAL PENGELUARAN MAKANAN SEKIJANG, SEGAMAT – Satu Penilaian

(Kertas disediakan untuk Peperiksaan PTK bagi Pegawai Pertanian)

Oleh :

*Hj Mohd Anim bin Hj Hosnan

Senior Agronomist

1. PENGENALAN1.1 Kertas ini disediakan untuk membincangkan pengalaman penulis sebagaiI SATU PENILAIAN dengan membincangkan realiti dan cabaran-cabaran dalam proses pembangunan satu projek Flagship Jabatan Pertanian iaitu Projek Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan atau dikenali sebagai TKPM di Sekijang Segamat, Johor. Penulis memulakan projek TKPM Sekijang bermula dengan aktiviti membuka hutan sehingga berjaya mengeluarkan hasil. Beberapa perkataan yang dikaitkan dengan huruf TKPM ialah seperti “ Tempat Kumpul Petani/pegawai Masaalah” dijadikan cabaran oleh penulis ianya tidak benar dan kertas ini membincangkan bahawa ianya merupakan satu projek Jabatan yang menjadi satu imej kepada Jabatan Pertanian di Semenanjung Malaysia .

1.2 Konsep pembangunan TKPM adalah satu kawasan pertanian yang dimajukan untuk pengeluaran makanan yang mengikuti konsep Taman Perindustrian dimana pihak kerajaan menyediakan tapak yang lengkap dengan prasarana dan pengusaha menyewa kawasan tersebut untuk pengeluaran bahan makanan. Peserta dipilih melalui proses pemilihan yang terancang dan mesti mempunyai sifat keusahawanan. Sasaran pendapatan sebanyak RM 3,000 sebulan dan sanggup membuat pinjaman jika kekurangan modal. Bentuk pengurusan bercirikan perladangan komersial, menggunakan amalan pertanian yang baik serta mengeluarkan produk yang berkualiti , sesuai dan selamat dimakan.

1.3 Terdapat 19 projek TKPM di seluroh Semananjung dengan pelaburan kerajaan sebanyak RM 10.152 juta melibatkan kawasan fizikal seluas 3,807 hektar.


2. MAKLUMAT UMUM
2.1 TKPM Sekijang seluas 75.9 hektar terletak di Kg Sekijang yang jaraknya sejauh 23 km dari Bandar Segamat. Kawasan projek terdiri dari 2 lot tanah rizeb pertanian yang diracik menjadi 37 lot dengan keluasan 2 hektar setiap lot (Sila rujuk Lampiran 1). Tanaman utama iaiah sayur-sayuran jenis buah dan Jambu Batu. Bagaimana pun terdapat tanaman lain seperti Limau Madu, Limau Bali, Betik, Jagung, sayuran kampong diusahakan. Kos pembangunan projek sebanyak RM 752,000 dari tahun 2001 hingga 2004. Komponen utama kos pembangunan iaiah untuk penyediaan sistem pengairan ladang iaitu sebanyak 50.9 peratus (Sila rujuk Lampiran 2).

2.2 Bagi melaksanakan projek beberapa Jawatankuasa Projek telah ditubuhkan mengikut peredaran masa. Jawatankuasa tersebut lakan JK Pengurusan projek, JK MoA Inc TKPM Sekijang, JK Teknikal TKPM Sekijang, JKuasa Tindakan Perlaksanaan Peserta, JK Konsortium Peserta. Jawatankuasa ini sentiasa berbincang untuk menyelesaikan sebarang masaalah dan merancang aktiviti projek (Sila rujuk Lampiran 3).

2.3 Terdapat 10 orang peserta asal dan kini hanya 8 orang yang ada (Sila rujuk Lampiran 4) . Seramai 3 peserta telah dikeluarkan darpdapa senarai asal dan satu tambahan pada tahun 2003. Semua peserta mesti menendatangani surat perjanjian yang mengandungi 27 klausa yang boleh digunakan sebagai ikatan kukuh antara peserta dan Jabatan Pertanian (Kerajaan Johor).

3. PERLAKSANAAN AWAL PROJEK
3.1 Pemilihan tapak untuk projek TKPM mestilah dari kawasan yang baik serta sesuai untuk pertanian serta mempunyai sumber air serta kemudahan jalan. Terdapat beberapa TKPM yang hanya mempunyai kesuburan tanah kelas IV atau V untuk TKPM didapati bermasalah seperti tanah Bris (Terengganu/ Mersing), tanah Bekas Lombong (Sungkai), Tanah Curam (Sg Atong/Pendang) dan Tanah bermasaalah dengan Pengusaha Asal (Pahang). Survei sempadan sangat penting dibuat sebelum mulakan projek. Kerja pembukaan hutan di TKPM Sekijang bermula April 2002 dengan menggunakan pelbagai jentera. Rumpun buloh dan belukar tebal menyukarkan dan melambatkan proses pembukaan hutan. Kerja membakar kawasan serta membajak juga sukar kerana ujudnya banyak busut-busut yang perlu diratakan. Kawasan berpaya dan curam terpaksa ambil masa lama untuk diselesaikan. Terdapat kawasan yang tidak dapat ditebang untuk kawasan tadahan air dan sebagainya. Peserta projek terpaksa meratakan kawasan dan mebuat teres dikawasan yang perlu dengan nasihat Jabatan Pertanian.

3.2 Pembinaan jalan ladang dirancang seperti dalam perancangan mengikut lot. Lebih 1.8 km jalan dibina dalam TKPM bagi kemudahan pengangkutan. Penyediaan jalan masuk ke TKPM dan pembinaan Jambatan adalah kritikal. Sistem pengairan disediakan menggunakan 9 buah pam air baru dengan kapasiti 55 k.k. setiap satu. Setiap peserta mempunyai satu unit pam berasingan. Air diambil daripada Sungai Segamat dan 4 kolam dalam TKPM. Parit membuang air dan parit halang babi dibina di lokasi tertentu. Sebuah Pejabat Ladang dibina di Lot Jabatan (Lot 5) yang asalnya dicadang untuk rumah pekerja. Terdapat 7 rumah pekerja/ pondok yang digunakan oleh pekerja asing dalam lot masing-masing. Lain peralatan dibekalkan untuk TKPM Sekijang ialah 3 unit trekter kecin Kubota B6000, 3 unit treller, 5 unit HPS, 5 unir motorised sprayer, 1 unit Bud-Fission, 2 unit Trekter 70hp.

4. AKTIVITI PERLAKSANAAN PROJEK
4.1 Penyediaan Pelan Bisnes dibuat dan dipinda beberapa kali setiap tahun. Ini adalah kerana berlaku penyesuaian dalam pemilihan jenis tanaman. Projek ini asalnya dirancang untuk tanaman orkid, kemudian sayuran dan akhirnya campuran sayuran dan buah-buahan (Khususnya Jambu batu). Tanaman cili ditekankan peringkat awal dan berjaya diusahakan dengan meluas. Tanaman jambu batu yang sensitif dengan Nematod dan ini diatasi dengan hanya mengambil keratan dari sumber tanaman dikenalpasti dan ditanam di TKPM Sekijang yang dikenalpasti masih bebas dari Nematod. Analisa SWOT dibuat seperti Lampiran 6.

4.2 Lawatan pasukan Visiting Agent (VA) didapati hanya aktif sebelum penanaman dimulakan dan peringkat awal penanaman dengan pelbagai kerenah. Kini pasukan VA telah tidak aktif lagi mengunjungi TKPM Sekijang. Ini mungkin berlaku Perkhidmatan Pengembangan oleh Pegawai-pegawai Daerah Segamat sudah mencukupi. Mesyuarat dan perbincangan dengan peserta diadakan melalui beberapa jawatankuasa yang ditubuhkan. Apa yang pasti Pegawai Pertanian Daerah sangat komited dengan memberikan tumpuan 70% untuk TKPM seperti diarahkan oleh Dato’ KPP. Lawatan ke projek oleh Pegawai Pertanian, Pengurus Projek (PP Tingkatan Kanan) dan PL Jentera serta lain-lain pegawai dibuat setiap 2 hari atau sekurang-kurangnya 3 hari seminggu.

4.4 Bagi merealisasikan projek TKPM, aktiviti kerja yang paling kritikal adalah untuk membuat kawalan dan penyeliaan kepada setiap peserta projek. Kerenah peserta berbeza dari segi modal, keupayaan, tanaman, komitment, pengurusan kewangan, buruh asing, perancangan tanaman, pemasaran, kutipan hasil, pembelian input, self-exteem, minat dan sebagainya sangat mencabar pihak pengurusan. Selain dari mesyuarat bulanan dengan peserta, komunikasi ‘one-to-one’ dengan peserta sangat penting. Pegawai yang pergi berbincang perlu BOLEH BUAT KEPUTUSAN.

4.5 Peserta didedahkan dengan pelbagai kursus dan lawatan ketempat-tempat yang boleh memberikan suntikan minat. Oleh kerana mereka adalah usahawan maka tahap “Bisnes minded’ adalah ditahap yang tinggi. Kadang-kadang berlaku “PERGESERAN” diantara peserta dan ini perlu diperbaiki. Adalah sukar untuk mendapatkan tenagakerja tempatan untuk bekerja di sektor pertanian intensif seperti di TKPM. Oleh iru penggunaan buruh asing sangat ketara di TKPM dimana Jabatan Pertanian memproses permohonan-permohonan. Bagaimana pun pada 2.2.2004 pihak keselamatan melaksanakan operasi dan didapati ada PTI yang menumpang di TKPM. Ini menjejaskan imej TKPM dan pemantauan oleh Pengurusan TKPM sangan perlu .

4.6 Lawatan pihak atasan penting dalam merealisasikan projek TKPM. Lawatan peringkat awal oleh KPP, TKPP,Pengarah2 Cawangan dan Pengarah Pertanian Negeri dapat membantu dalam menerangkan halatuju dan wawasan kerajaan dengan lebih telus. Setiap kali lawatan KPP akan membincangkan dengan pegawai dan peserta bagaimana cara terbaik untuk menjayakan hasrat kerajaan. Antara yang diutarakan oleh KPP ialah tentang Bisnes Plan, Manual Tanaman, Pengisian Rekod Ladang, Pengesahan Bahan Tanaman, Modal dan pinjaman peserta, Konsep Pemasaran dan lain2. Lain-lain pendorong ialah lawatan oleh Menteri Besar Johor, Exco Pertanian, SUB Kementerian, Dato’ TKPP1 dan lain-lain.


5. PEMASARAN

5.1 Pengeluaran hasil pertama secara rasmi pada bulan Mei 2003 dengan tanaman sayur-sayuran (Petola, Timun, Kacang Buncis dan Kacang Panjang). Lori pemasaran Jabatan Pertanian mengambil sayuran di TKPM dan dihantar ke Pasar Borong Buloh Kasap. Setelah beberapa minggu lori Pemborong masuk mengambil sayuran di TKPM Sekijang. Lori ini akan ambil antara jam 9.00 hingga 10.30 pagi untuk sampai di Buloh Kasap sebelum jam 12.00. Kelewatan peserta untuk menyiapkan aktiviti memetik, membasuh, menggred dan membuat packaging akan menyebabkan sayuran lewat sampai diketegorikan hari esoknya dan harga tinggal separuh. Biasanya pemandu lori akan beritahu ‘towkey’ kedudukan pengeluaran hasil diladang. Peringkat awal harga tinggi dan begitu juga dengan peringkat hujung (jika kualiti OK).

5.2 Sebanyak 95% hasil dijual terus kepada pemborong yang ambil diladang dan TOA diambil oleh peserta setiap 3 hari atau satu minggu. Rekod hasil dicatit oleh pekerja. Akitiviti jualan terus dibuat setiap hari Isnin dan Khamis dari jam 7.00 pagi – 12.30 tengahari. Jumlah jualan setiap minggu antara RM 400 hingga RM 500. Pada hari jumat lori pemasaran akan membawa hasil TKPM untuk dihantar ke Johor Bahru. Terdapat satu bangunan Pusat pengumpulan Hasil yang dibina oleh FAMA Johor di TKPM Sekijang. Kemudahan ini belum dapat digunakan sepenohnya kerana sistem sedia ada masih baik dan cekap.

6. ANALISA PENDAPATAN PESERTA
6.1 Analisa Jurang Pendapatan (GAP analysis) telah dibuat untuk pengeluaran tahun 2003, 2004 dan setengah tahun 2005 (Rujuk Lampiran 5). Pengeluaran sehingga kini secara komulatif adalah sebanyak 1,036.436 kg dengai nilai pengeluaran sebanyak RM 817,310 untuk jangkamasa 2 tahun. Jumlah kos pengeluaran keseluruhan projek adalah sebanyak RM 406,820. 10 dan nilai pendapatan bersih projek sebanyak RM 470,499.30. Projek ini memberikan purata pendatan kasar ladang sebulan sebanyak RM 4,871.17 dan purata pendapatan bersih sebulan sebanyak RM 2,813.58.

6.2 Pengeluaran hasil TKPM Sekijang bermula mulai bulan Mei 2003 dengan jenis sayur-sayuran sebanyak 326,611 kg bernilai RM 271,677.10. Antara hasil yang dikeluarkan peringkat awal ialah cili, timun, petola, peria, jagung dan lain-lain tanaman kontan. Hasil telah meningkat kepada 428,395 pada tahun 2004 bernilai RM 354,167.04 daripada hasil sayuran dan sedikit buah jambu batu pada setengah tahun kedua. Sehingga Jun 2005 sebanyak 251,466 kg hasil dikeluarkan bernilai RM 251,466.22 dan dijangka menjangkau lebih RM 600,000 hingga hujung 2005.

7. ISU DAN CABARAN - SATU PENILAIAN

7.1 Perlaksanaan projek Flagship TKPM Sekijang banyak menghadapi cabaran. Cabaran pertama ialah bagaimana untuk mengerakkan keselurohan perancangan dan perlaksanaan projek serta masaalah perhubungan dengan peserta projek. Mereka tidak tinggal dilokasi projek iaitu sekitar 60 - 90 km malahan ada seorang peserta yang tinggal sejauh lebih 200 km jaraknya iaitu di Pontian. Komunikasi menggunakan surat, telefon bimbit, papan notis dan pekerja-pekerja dibuat untuk memberikan maklumat, arahan dan sebagainya. Kadang kala kenderaan jabatan terpaksa kerumah peserta jika ada perkara SEGERA untuk dilaksanakan. Pihak pengurusan TKPM Sekijang sentiasa bermesyuarat setiap bulan bagi membincang dan menyelesai masaalah.

7.2 Cabaran kedua ialah gangguan bencana alam seperti banjir dan kemarau. Kejadian banjir beberapa kali menyebabkan kerosakan kepada tanaman dan sistem pengairan peringkat awal projek sebelum kerja-kerja pelurusan dan pelebaran Sungai Segamat disiapkan pada pertengahan 2004. Pihak JPS Segamat telah membuat kerja-kerja melurus Sungai Segamat serta membina parit dalam kawasan TKPM. Banjir juga boleh menyebabkan pam air tenggelam dan perlu diselamatkan dengan pemasangan ‘Chain lock’. Kekurangan hujan pada bulan Mei dan Ogos menyebabkan beberapa kolam tadahan air kurang atau kualiti air menurun serta paras air dalam sungai terjejas dikawasan seduta air dan ini menjejaskan aktiviti pengeluaran hasil seperti jadual dirancang.

7.3 Cabaran ketiga ialah isu penggunaan pekerja asing di projek TKPM Sekijang. Tanpa pekerja asing ini projek TKPM Sekijang akan gagal. Merekalah nadi utama semua aktiviti di ladang daripada menanam hinggalah menuai dan pemasaran. Hanya mereka yang mempunyai permit yang sah dibenar berada di TKPM. Bagaimana pun kadang-kadang terdapat PATI (Pekerja Asing Tanpa Izin) yang menumpang atau bergaul dengan pekerja di TKPM. Pihak keselamatan sentiasa memantau dan pada 2/2/004 satu operasi polis dijalankan sehingga semua 36 pekerja ditangkap dan jel selama 12 hari. Kesannya ladang telah terbiar selama 2 minggu dan tanaman musnah dan aktiviti ladang seperti baru dimulakan semula pada Mac 2004. Pemasangan Pintu/ Gate Utama keselamatan dan pagar penting dan perlu sentiasa d kunci terutama waktu malam.

7.4 Cabaran keempat ialah isu pungutan data pengeluaran dan lain-lain maklumat. Pengurusan TKPM perlu memeriksa data pengeluaran dan pendapatan serta corak tanaman setiap satu minggu dan dbuat semakan setiap hujung bulan. Laporan ini akan dikutip, dianalisa sebelum dihantar ke Ibupejabat Negeri dan Kuala Lumpur untuk tujuan pengesanan. Kerja pengisian Rekod Ladang peserta biasanya dibuat oleh Pekerja Ladang yang ditentukn peserta projek. Buku rekod perlu di semak selalu. Aktiviti SALM juga perlukan masa yang banyak untuk rekod ladang dan hantar sampel ke Kuala Lumpur. Hingga kini 7 peserta dalam proses siasatan ladang untuk program persijilan SALM.

7.5 Cabaran ke lima ialah isu bekalan input dan kesan kenaikan harga input. Kini harga baja, racun, kawat, tali, plastik pembalut buah, plastik silvershine dan tahi ayam meningkat. Pada satu masa bekalan tahi ayam telah terputus kerana masaalah serangan ‘avian flu’ dimana tahi ayam telur sukar didapati. Peserta cuba dapatkan syarikat mana yang dapat membekalkan input dengan tempoh kredit sehingga 3 bulan yang akan membantu dalam aktiviti ladang. Dengan harga sayuran yang seserhana atau rendah dan harga input meningkat, semua peserta perlu mengurangkan intensiti tanaman atau mengurangkan tenaga buroh. Bagaimana pun belum ada peserta yang menyatakan hasrat untuk keluar dari TKPM setakat ini.

7.6 Serangan musoh tanaman dan penyakit merupakan cabaran keenam. Oleh kerana sekeliling kawasan projek TKPM Sekijang merupakan kawasan hutan belukar dan kawasan pertanian tradisional maka musoh seperti babi hutan dan monyet amat kritikal. Babi hutan memusnahkan tanaman betik, jagung dan lain-lain terutama waktu malam. Walau pun telah dibuat parit halangan babi dan operasi menembak, masaalah ini terus berlaku dan merugikan peserta. Serangan monyet berlaku dengan merosakkan tanaman seperti memakan pucuk serta buah. Kini Jabatan Pertanian telah memasang perangkap dan didapati berpuloh ekor telah ditangkap dan dibuang diokasi yang jauh. Penyakit layu bakteria (Terung), Downy Mildew (Petola, Peria), Serangan Hamana (Jagung, K. Panjang) dll sering berlaku jika tidak dibuat giliran tanaman yang betul antara peserta. Ada peserta yang terpaksa musnahkan tanaman kerana punca sebaran penyakit berkesinambungan. Kini ditubuh GRUP SAYUR dan GRUP BUAH ditubuhkan untuk berbincang pengiliran jadual tanaman. Mana-mana yang engkar keputusan GRUP akan diambil tindakan atau tanaman dimusnahkan.

7.7 Cabaran ke tujuh ialah mengenai gangguan pencuri. Terdapat 3 kategori pencuri di TKPM Sekijang iaitu K-K, K-R dan K-T. Pencuri K-K adalah budak-budak berumur bawah 15 tahun yang berbasikal dan mandi di sungai terutama pada hari cuti sekolah. Mereka ambil buah dan makan tanpa kira saiz dan jumlah. Kategori K-R adalah belia yang menaiki motor dan ambil buah untuk makan dan kadang-kadang ambil barangan pekerja seperti kes kehilangan gergaji, alatan pertanian dan sebagainya. Ada diantara mereka dikalangan “Doktor injek sendiri – penagih dadah”. Kategori K-T adalah dikalangan orang dewasa/tua yang datang untuk memancing ikan di sepanjang Sungai Segamat di TKPM. Apabila lalu dikawasan tanaman akan kutip hasil tanpa beritahu pemilik dan kadang-kadang mengganggu pekerja asing di kebun. Pemasangan papan tanda amaran, kawat chain-lik dihadapan TKPM dan pagar duri dikeliling kawasan pada 2004 agak berkesan.
7.8 Cabaran ke lapan ialah aktiviti pengorekan dan pengambilan pasir sungai oleh Konraktor Pejabat Tanah berdekatan kawasan projek (lot 28). Akiviti ini pada peringkat awal menggunakan lori besar yang merosakkan jalan TKPM tetapi kini telah bina laluan sendiri. Kesan lain ialah penurunan paras air dalam sungai mengakibatkan ‘suction hose’ tergantung kerana air cetek. Selain itu pengaliran pasir semakin banyak dan ini akan merosakan ‘ampeller’ pam air untuk jangkamasa panjang. Peserta dan lori pemasaran juga terdedah dengan kemungkinan bertembung dengan lori pasir yang bergerak laju dijalan masuk ke TKPM Sekijang.

7.9 Cabaran ke sembilan ialah berkaitan bayaran pinjaman SMSI kepada Bank Pertanian. Peserta biasanya membayar hutang berdasarkan pendapatan daripada hasil TKPM atau pendapatan luar TKPM. Terdapat peserta yang bayar ikut jadual tetapi ramai yang lewat dari jadual asal. BPM menghantar notis setiap 1-2 bulan kepada AO Segamat dan ini akan dibawa dalam Mesyuarat atau perjumpan setiap kali berjumpa. Perlu dingatkan jika BPM ambil tindakan mahkamah maka peserta boleh disingkirkan daripada projek. Oleh itu pemantauan Jabatan Pertanian dengan BPM sangat kritikal dengan memantau pendapatan peserta.

7.10 Cabaran ke sepuloh ialah bagaimana kita mampu mengutip bayaran sewa tanah yang akan mula dikutip 2 tahun setelah projek dijalankan. Untuk TKPM Sekijang dijangka kutipan akan dimulakan pada bulan Januari atau April 2005. Kadar ditetapkan sebanyak RM 500 sehektar setahun dan jika ramai peserta dapat 8 hektar maka jumlah bayaran sewaan sebanyak RM 4,000 seorang tahun depan. Bagaimana modus operandi kutipan ini ? Jabatan Pertanian Johor perlu buat kajian dengan PTD untuk tujuan ini. Belum ada bayaran dibuat hingga kini.

7.11 Semua cabaran-cabaran ini perlu diatasi dan perbincangan dengan peserta perlu dibuat dengan kerap. Mesyuarat MPPJ juga mempunyai agenda khas untuk TKPM. Beberapa isu seperti bekalan utiliti paip air/letrik, gangguan pihak keselamatan/ polis (PAU), kekurangan trekter, pergeseran antara peserta, masaalah sistem pengairan, status tanah dan sebagainya dapat diatasi melalui penyelesaian berperingkat. Pengalaman ini akan menjadikan kita lebih matang dalam penyelesaian masaalah.


8. KESIMPULAN

Projek Flagship TKPM Sekijang telah dinilai merupakan projek flagship yang berjaya setakat ini berdasarkan prestasi peserta dan tahap pengurusan yang dilaksanakan. Projek ini telah dicalonkan untuk Anugerah Kualiti Pengurusan Projek Flagship Jabatan Pertanian Peringkat Kebangsaan tahun 2004 dan berjaya memenangi Anugerah tersebut daripada Menteri Pertanian pada Hari Q Jabatan. Komitment yang tinggi daripada pegawai dan peserta penting untuk menjayakan projek dan ini perlu terus dikekalkan untuk TKPM Sekijang. Cabaran-cabaran dalam perlaksanaan TKPM Sekijang banyak memberikan realiti pengalaman yang positif kepada pegawai-pegawai .

Sekian. Wasaalam.

Mohd. Anim bin Hosnan
Penolong Pengarah 2,
Bahagian Pembangunan Sumber Manusia,
Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Johor,
Jalan Taruka, 80350, Larkin, Johor Bahru.
Tel : 07-2355506/7/8
Fax : 07-2355513
e-mail : animhosnan@yahoo.com